This independent evidence review examines research on how population density relates to child health. The authors’ findings are their own and do not necessarily represent Population Matters’ views.

Report findings and interpretation: the authors summarise published research on how population density relates to child health. This review is not a new demographic forecast; statements about future risks are the authors’ interpretation. Method: a PubMed search dated 8 April 2024 used the terms ‘population density’ OR ‘overpopulation’ with ‘child health’, covering 2015 to 2024. It returned 84 records; 40 papers were retained after full-text screening. The database, date and search terms define the scope; this is not a review of every field and does not prove that all reported associations are causal. Population Matters funded the independent evidence review; its findings and conclusions are the authors’ own and do not necessarily represent the charity’s views.